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Rheology of solid-stabilized emulsions


Emulsions are dispersions of one immiscible liquid into another, the archetypical example being mixtures of oil and water.  They are not thermodynamically stabile, and require some stabilizing agent to prevent the drops from coalescence. Commonly used are amphiphilic surfactants – molecules that have two distinct moieties, one preferring water, and other oil. Such surfactants readily adsorb at the interface and reduce the surface tension between fluids, making the dispersed phase effectively more miscible. They prevent coalescence by keeping drops from touching, therefore stabilizing the emulsion.

Despite the lack of distinct hydrophilic and lipophilic parts, homogenous colloidal particles can do the same. If partly wetted by both fluids they can adsorb at the interface as well, with energy gained from reduction of interfacial area between fluid phases. Solid-stabilized, also known as “Pickering”, emulsions are encountered in various fields from cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical… to oil industry. They are often formed as side effects due to large pressure changes during oil recovery, and could also be introduced deliberately to reduce viscosity of heavy oils.

Despite being comprised solely of fluids, highly concentrated emulsions can posses strong shear rigidity, like solids do. The nature of this elasticity is unusual -- it exists only because the repulsive droplets are compressed by an external osmotic pressure, and packed to a sufficiently large droplet volume fraction, which permits the storage of interfacial elastic shear energy. When osmotic pressure approaches Laplace pressure, droplets pack together and deform. Shearing creates additional droplet surface area, energy is stored, and the system elastic.

This has been studied for the case of surfactants. But how does the presence of solid particles affect rheology?

We believe the rigidity of particles, and more so their organization, leads to different response to deformation. Particles interact through balance of electrostatic and capillary forces, that tends to organize them at the interface. So does their concentration, the necessity to cover drops and protect from coalescing.  The interfaces are structured, able to store energy upon deformation. We study the rheology of this packing of a packing – the interplay between 3D structure of emulsion droplets and 2D structure of colloidal particles at their interfaces.

 


This project is done with support and collaboration of Schlumberger-Doll Research.

 

Kosta Ladavac

McKay Laboratory

9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
kosta@deas.harvard.edu